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°Áâ —À‘Þ ƒÒ™«Å ‡òé ƒ¹° ¸–€Ò ƒþÌïÆø ¦ã‘Ñ °À³ 44-׳ ×Æ±Ö 1834-Ö —×äǪ¥‘Ñ. ‡ïñÅ 1820-äò »íº±ÇþÒþÆ ƒ¹¸–Ö …ÏבŽ ƒÏ¹°³. ±Ï¿º‘í¥Ö µ‘°ò ØÌ‘ÆÑ ‡òé °Á⢠œ‘òþé‘ͥŠ14 ‚¯¨è °Áâ ƒÒ™« ƒÒ™ŽÆ›€ã™ íé‘Ñ; ˆíîþ× Ò´²ò, —óÑÀï, ‚›ŽÒ —À‘Þ À̽äÖ þ°Ñ¢ÉÅ —ºéíêϹ°‘Ñ. ±Ï¿º‘í¥Ö µ‘°ò é¹° ØÌ‘ÆÑ, —°ä¹° ÀíìÅ °Ñ™ ¹°€î …€¥Æ×Ì‘ Ø㛎î‘Ñ. ‚›ŽÒÅ, œÀøŽÏ° —À‘Þ¢ —œÖב™Ží …ªº¥‘°×Ì‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹°‘Ñ. ƒ³¯¨ ƒ¹° …赑ª¨¢ œ‘òþ鑀̴ þ°Ñ¹³ íé‘Ñ. °‘Å —×äþ°œ œÀÆÅ —À‘Þ œ‘ѹ°×Ñ, °À³ œÀÆÅ —º‘Ϫ¨ »é´±Æ‘Ï€¥Æ —À‘Þ™ ƒÒ™«Å ‡à³Žþé‘Å ‡òé ŸÆ …«ÑÚ€¥Æ×Ì‘ÚÅ ƒÏ¹°‘Ñ.
ƒ¹° ¸–Ö ‡à³Åþº‘³ Ò Ï´±Æ֍€ãÉÅ »òºíêî‘Ñ. …赑ª¨¿ º‘¬ÇÖ ƒ¹¸–Ö Ø㛍þׯ¨Å, òé‘¥¿ þº¢Ÿ´ °ò€À —‘¯¥ —‘¢€œ —œ‘퍀ã ÿ™Ž, Ÿ´° ƒÒ™« —œ‘퍀㙠—‘¯¨ ¸ªºÀ‘ €ÀÆþׯ¨Å, …Æѹ° Ø€°º‘¬ ƒÒ™«À‘´ °À³ ¸–Ö ±Ýþׯ¨Å, þ° þµÌ´±Ö —º‘³À™è —À‘Þ, þºŸÅ —À‘Þ €À¿€º Š´³ ¶íþׯ¨Å ‡òºî €×. ƒ×Ï™ Ãò žòº‘֐, —ºøŽ, ÙÌÀ‘Ãï×Ñ ‡à±Æ ƒÒ™« ¸–Öè ƒÜ×‘ì ƒÏ™ØÖ€Ò ‡òé À±¿¼ª€¥ÉÅ ƒþÌïÆø €×´³™ —‘¯¦Ï¹°‘Ñ. ‡ïñÅ ÙÌÀ‘Ãï×Ñ ‡à±Æ —°‘òñ–Ö Ø㙍Š‡òé ƒÒ™« ¸–€Ò¿ º¦´°»òþº °ÅÀ¥Æ ƒ¹° ¸–€Ò™ í þׯ¨Å ‡òì ØÏÅ»î‘Ñ. ƒþÌïÆø ƒÒ«Å íéþº‘³ —°‘֍‘¿»ÆÅ òì ×Ý™ŽÖ ƒÖ€Ò. µòñ–ÕÅ —œËÉäÖ ƒÏ¹°³. ƒ°í …€Ì Ø㙍ÃÅ þ°€×Æ‘Ë ƒÏ¹°³ ‡òé Ï´€°ÉÅ —‘¯¦Ï¹°‘Ñ. ‚°Ò‘Ö °À³ ¸–€Ò …€Ìµ€¥ÇÖ €À´°‘Ñ. œÀøŽÏ° —À‘Þ ×ÞÆ‘´ °Áâ —À‘Þ™ ƒÒ™«Å Æ‘Ì‘ÕÅ ‡à°¿ºª¦Ï™ØÖ€Ò. ‡ïñÅ »Ì‘À«Ñã‘Ö ‡à°¿ºª¥ —À‘Þ—ºÆÑ¿½ ¸–Öè œÀøŽÏ° Ò¿½€¥Æîב …èãî ‡î™˜êî‘Ñ. œÀøŽÏ°Å Òב° °Áâ µ€¥ÇÖ ‡à° þׯ¨Å ‡òé þµ‘™´€°´ ²ØÌÀ‘™ —‘¯¦Ï¹°‘Ñ. ‡òé‘ÕÅ ‚›ŽÒ —À‘Þ ×‘ÇÒ‘´ °Áâ —À‘Þ™ ƒÒ™«Å ‡à±î‘Ñ. ‡¨´³™‘ª¨€ã´ °Áâ —À‘ÞÇÖ €À´°‘Ñ. ¿þº‘³ ƒÌ‘®×´°€Ò×эè, œÀÆ …ºþ°è, ‘×Ö ³€é ‚€«Æ‘ãэè, ב¬Ñè, ÖØ´³€é, ‚ª´³€é ¶ÑבŽè ‚›ŽþÒÆÌ‘ ƒÏ¹°°‘Ö ×Ñ—º‘Ϫ¨ ‚›ŽÒ —À‘ÞבÇÒ‘´ °Áâ —À‘Þ™ ƒÒ™«Å ‡à±î‘Ñ.
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ƒþÌïÆø ¦ã‘Ñ ‡à±Æ °Áâ—À‘Þ ƒÒ™«Å ‡à´±ÆÖ, —œ‘ÖÓÆÖ, —œ‘Ö —°‘¥ÍÆÖ ‡òé º¿þº‘¨, »ò¿½Å —‘¯¨èã³.
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—œ‘ÖÓÆÖ ƒ€¥¢—œ‘Ö, —ºÆÑ¢—œ‘Ö, ؀œ‘Ö, …Í¢—œ‘Ö, ‡òé ×Í€œÃ€é »òºí鿺¨Žòé³. —ºÆÑ¢ —œ‘íã‘î€× —º‘³, é¿½, ±€«, º‘Ö ‚ŽÆî×í€é™ ‘ª¨Å, þ×íì€À …Ͻ€ã ˆíÅ ‡òºî Ø×Í™¿º¨Žòéî. —ºÆÑ¢—œ‘íè —º‘Ïè, ƒ¥Å, ‘ÒÅ, €î, «Å, —°‘ÞÖ ‚ŽÆ×í€é¿ ½Ò¿º¨´³×³ ƒþÌïÆœ‘Ö þºœ¿º¥ØÖ€Ò. ؀œ‘íè º±, ؐ±, ƒ€¥¶€Òè —‘¯¦Ï¿º³, ‘ÒÅ ‘ª¨×³ Ø㙍¿º¨Žòéî. ˜¥þ× Ø€î¢—œ‘ÖÓò ×€è Ø×Í™¿º¨Žòéî. °ÁÞÖ Ø€îÃíì ‡òé ¶€ÒÇÖ ¢—œ‘íè —œËº×ò, ÏØ, ¶ÒÅ, —œÆÖ, ‘ÒÅ —œË—º‘Ïè ‡òé ‚ì —º‘π㙠‘ª¨Å, ³ ƒþÌïÆœ‘Ö »òºí鿺¥ØÖ€Ò. —œ‘Ö—°‘¥ÍÆÖ ‡òì ×Ì‘Ö ä™¿º¨Å Ø㙍Š°Áâ—À‘Þ™¿ ½±Æ³ ‚Å. þ×íì€À´ —°‘¥Ñè, Ø€îè ‚ŽÆî µ€¥Ã€é ×Ý™ŽÖ ¶ÒÚÅ Ø°›è Ø㙍¿º¨Žòéî.
¯ Ãòî‘Ö ‘«¿º¨Å —À‘Þ ‡Ü×‘ì …èã³, ³ ‡Ü×‘ì »ÌþÆ‘œî´±í …èã‘™¿º¨Žé³ ‡òé Ø㙍¿º¬þÆ ¸–ÓÖ é¿½¶€Ò ׎™Žé³. ‰þÌ‘¿»Æ —À‘Þ À̽ …«Ñ¹°×€Ì בœÌ‘ÚÅ, ½±Æ°‘´ °Áâ ƒÒ™«Å í ÀîÉÅ °ÁâºÇòé Žê´°×¿ º‘¥›þªº×Ì‘ÚÅ Ãòï€Ò¿º¨´±™ —‘¯¨ ¸–Ö ±âŽé³.
ƒþÌïÆø 7-7-1820 ‚Å µ‘äÖ Ã°Ö Áõ—îÍÆ‘ ±Ï—µÖþ×Ó™ ×¹°‘Ñ. °ÁâþºŸÅ »íºª¥ א¿½ À™ä€¥þÆ …ºþ°œ¿ º¬ ‚íêî‘Ñ. ±Ï¢œ€ºÇò µí—œË±€Æ Ø㙎î‘Ñ. °‘Å ×ãÑ´° ‰þÌ‘¿»Æ ½Ì‘¥ø¥¯ª Ï´±Æ֍晐 ˆíº Õ–´°Ìò ±Ï¢œ€º™ —‘耍™ ¯—‘¯¨ °Áâ —À‘Þ ƒÒ™«Å ¸–€Ò ‡à±î‘Ñ.
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‡à´±ÆÓÕÅ, —œ‘ÖÓÆÓÕÅ ‡¨´³™‘ª¥¿º¨Å œ‘òìè —º‘ò+°¨=—º‘í鍨, ‘¨+Òѹ°³=‘¥Òѹ°³, ×¯+—µ¦³=×—«¦³ ‡òé ÿ¯¥ ‘Ò À̺‘ѹ° —œ‘퍀ã þÀ헍‘¯¥ º‘›ŽïÖ €À¹³èãî. ƒ€×þ㑨 ˜¥þ× Àï°Ñè µÖÒ×эãÖÒ, º‘פ —œË°‘ò, ÃÝ›‘Öº¦Çª¥‘ò, œ€º, À‘ª€À, £‘î þº‘œîÅ, Ÿ´° ƒÏ°ÆÅ, ½é¿—º‘Ïè þº‘òé —œ‘ÖÒ‘ª€ã´ °À³ ŸÆœÀÆÅ ‘ª¨Å —º‘Ϫº‘›ŽÖ ƒþÌïÆø þÀ헍‘¯¥‘Ñ. ƒ³ ˆíîþ× ƒÒ™«Å ê¹°×э晐Å, °Áâ À̽€¥Æ Ÿþ°¿½Ò×э晐Š½±Æî.
—œ‘Ö —°‘¥ÍÆÓÖ ‡¨´³™‘ª¥‘ þÀ헍‘è㿺¨Å ×Í´—°‘¥Ñè þÀÕÅ ½³€ÀÉÅ, ÙÍÆÃÅ, ²ØÌÃÅ °‘›Ž¿ —º‘ÓŽòéî. ¤£‘ïæ™ £‘î´€°¿ þº‘±´°‘ò, »Ì‘À«Ñ œî›æ™¿ —º‘ˍ€ã¢ —œ‘ÖÕŽé‘эè, þ°×ª¥€ã€Æ …›æ™ êØ¿þºò, ƒÜÚҍ´±Ö Àï° ×°‘ÌÅ º¯¬î×ÏÀ‘Ë, Àï°Ñ Æ‘×ÏÅ —œË° º‘×›€ã ¶×Ñ´±™Å º¦™´ °À³ ž×€î ت¥×ÏÀ‘Ë´ °Å€À ؟ב™Žé×э晍‘¿ ºÌÀ±€Æ¢ œÅº‘±´°×ÏÀ‘ÇÏ™Žé ƒÌªœ€Ì —ÆÖґϤ þ°‘´±Ì¤—œËבэ㑍 ‡òº€×ã‘ €× €À¹³èãî. ƒ¹°¿ º‘›ŽïÖ …èã ×Íè ƒÒ™« ‡¨´³™‘ª¨ã‘ ƒÏ¹°‘ÕÅ œÄ, œÀÆ °´³×¢ é¿½€ã¿ ½Ò¿º¨´³Å °Ìڍ㑍ÚÅ …èãî.
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°´³× ¶€ÒÇÖ ½é¿—º‘Ïè, º¤œ ¾°›è, º€¥¿½, »ÌþÆ‘œîÅ, ‚´À‘, Àï°ò, ƒ€é ÀŽ€À ‚ŽÆî †¥‘ª¥›ã‘ þÀ헍‘è㿺¨Žòéî. »ÌþÆ‘œîÅ ‡òº°í‘î Ñ´°Å ƒ›þ ÙŽÆÀ‘¿ º‘Ñ™þׯ¨Å. ‡òº×Ñ °À³ ¸–Ò‘î þ×° Ì‘±ÇÖ »ÌþÆ‘œîÅ = profit, utility ‡òì ‡à±î‘Ñ.
½é¿—º‘ÏæÅ, ºÌ‘ºÌñÅ
ƒ …ÒŽÆí —º‘Ïèè, ƒÆ퀍¿ —º‘Ïèè, ½é¿—º‘Ϫã‘Å. ƒþÌïÆø ƒ€×€ã¿ º¯¥›è, º°‘Ñ´°›è ‡òì €Ý™Žé‘Ñ. ƒÏŽ, —œÅ½, „ÆÅ, —º‘ò ‚ŽÆ ƒ€× þº‘òéî. ƒ€×ÆÖÒ‘ÀÖ ¶ÒÅ, ÿÑ, ², ×ä, ¡ÍÆò, µªœ´±Ì›è ‚ŽÆ »Ìº¤œ¿ —º‘ÏèæÅ …èãî. þÀÕÅ —º‘òî‘Ö, ÖÒ‘Ö, ÀÌ´°‘Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ Ø™ŽÌ›ã‘î º€¥¿½æÅ …èãî.
»Ìº¤œ¿—º‘ϪæÅ, ƒ …ÒŽÆí—º‘ϪæÅ ƒþÌïÆø —‘耍¿º¦ ºÌ‘ºÌî‘Ö º€¥™¿ºª¥€× ‚Å. ƒ€× ºÌ‘ºÌñ€¥Æ ÀŽ€À€Æ êØ™Žòéî. ƒ´°€î »Ì‘œÀ‘Ë´ þ°‘òêÆ ¡ÍÆò ºÌ‘ºÌñ€¥Æ ÀŽ€À€Æ êØ™Žé‘ò. µªœ´±Ì›è »Ì‘œÀ‘ÉÅ, Šà›‘ÉÅ µ¥™Žòéî. ƒ¹° Šà›ŽÖ €×äñ€¥Æ ŸÆ رè, þº‘™è …èãî. ºÌ‘ºÌò ×í€é¿ º€¥´°‘ò; €×è ŸÆ ²ÑÀ‘î´±Ö ¶ÒÚŽòéî. ¾Á ¡ÍÆ€î¢ ŸíìŽé³. »é þ‘èæÅ ¿º¦þÆ. ƒ×í€é בîØÆÖ þœ‘±¥œ‘ø±ÌÅ - í»™Žé³. þ‘ºÑ ¶™ø, —¿ãÑ ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ ¯¨«Ñ¹° رè ¿þº‘³ ‰þÌ‘¿º‘ØÖ í¿ºª¨ ƒÏ¹°î. ƒ±Ö …íì«Ìþׯ¦Æ Šòì …èã³. בîØÆÖ —º‘ϪäÖ, ƒ …ÒŽÆí—º‘ϪäÖ - µ×ŽÌ›è, º¤œ ¾°›è - ‚ŽÆ×íêÖ ºÌ‘ºÌò °›Ž ƒÏ™ØÖ€Ò, —º‘Ϫè, €î´³Å —º‘Ϫè °‘ò. ºÌ‘ºÌò þÀÒ‘î ºÌ‘ºÌò°‘ò. Àï°î‘Ö —œËÆ¿ºª¥ —º‘Ïèè ˜¥ ¿º¦þÆ. Ø™ŽÌ´±í™ ¯¬Ï¹³Å —°ÍÆ‘³; Ø™ŽÌ ‚Ì‘°€î™ ØþÌ‘°À‘Ë ‡à±î‘ò ‡òì ƒþÌïÆø ‡à±Æ —°‘¥Ñè ê¿»¥´°¹°î. º€¥™¿ºª¥ —º‘ÏèäÕÅ, —œËÆ¿ºª¥ —º‘ÏèäÕÅ ºÌ‘ºÌò ¦ÇÏ™ØÖ€Ò. —º‘Ïèè þ×ì, ºÌ‘ºÌò þ×ì. °‘è —º‘òî‘Ò‘î Ÿ×‘Á™ Ãòº‘ µ¥îÅ º¯®×³ ×Ï€¥Æ À±¿»Ö º‘××Þ ‚Å. Ø™ŽÌ ‚Ì‘°€î ×̳ þµ‘™ŽÖ ³òÀ‘Ñ™ ×º™± ‚Å.
½é¿—º‘Ϫè µªœ´±Ì›è, —º‘ò, —œÅ½, ƒÏŽ, „ÆÅ, œ‘ø±Ì™ÖØ ‡òºî ‡ÖÒ‘Å »ÌþÆ‘œî´±í‘ …èãî. בîÅ …ÆÌÀ‘ÉÅ, ÀŽ€ÀÆ‘ÉÅ, »ÌþÆ‘œîÀ‘ÉÅ ƒÏ™Žé³; ‚±ÇÖ À‘þ°×î‘Ö …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥€×æÀ‘Ë, ‡¿—º‘à³Å ¾þÒ‘´°‘Ï™ Á¹° »ÌþÆ‘œî›€ã™ —‘¨™Žé€×æÀ‘Ë ƒÏ™Žé µªœ´±Ì›è ºíêÆ þœ‘±¥ œ‘ø±Ì™ÖØ »ÌþÆ‘œîÀ‘î³. þœ‘±¥ œ‘ø±ÌÅ Àï°î‘Ö …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥³. ƒ¿º¦ ŠÏ »ÌþÆ‘œî ¶€ÒÇÖ ®Ã€éÇÖ ½é¿—º‘Ïè …ªº¨´°¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ³ »ÌþÆ‘œî ÀíìÅ ºÆò ×Þ´°´³×Å ‚Å.
ŠÏ —º‘Ïã‘ŽÕÅ Ù«‘ ÖÒ, ŠÏ »ÌþÆ‘œî´±í‘þ× …¯¥‘™¿ºª¦ÏŽé³ ‡òº³ ƒþÌïÆø Ï´³.
½é¿—º‘Ïèè Àª¨ÀÖÒ‘³ ˜Ó™‘ÌÑ, †ÞÆ™‘ÌÑ ˜¥ ðґääò »ÌþÆ‘œî ¶€Ò™ªºª¥×þÌ. º«´±í þ×€Ò —œËÉÅ ¶€Ò …ÏבŽ×ÏÅ œÄ ¶€Ò€À€Æ ƒþÌïÆø ê¹°×þÌ. µÀ™™ ª¥€ãÇ¥¿ ºª¥€×€ã ‡ÖÒ‘×í€éÉÅ —œË°»ò µ‘Å ¿»ÌþÆ‘œîÀ‘î †ÞÆ™‘ÌÑ ‚þבŠ‡òº³ ×̳ —œ‘í—é‘¥Ñè ºÆò×Þ, »ÌþÆ‘œî þµ‘™€À¹° °´³×þÀ ƒ³.
½é¿—º‘ϪäÖ ºÌ‘ºÌò ƒÖ€Ò, €× Àï°¿ ºÆò ×Þ¿ºª¥ »ÌþÆ‘œî´±íªºª¥€× ‡òº€× þ°ÇœÅ - DESIM - ‚Å. º±þîÝ‘Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö —œÑºÍ µÍÖ ×‘â¹° —ùѺѪ ‡òé ‚›ŽþÒÆÑ ƒ°ò °¹€° ‚בÑ, בÖþ¥Ñ, Ðøþ÷‘ ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ ƒ€° ñœÍ´°îÑ. Ò‘™Ž - Locke - ‡òé ‚›ŽÒ ê£ÏÅ þ°Çœ´€°¿ þº‘íêî‘Ñ. ƒ×Ñ Â³Å, ƒ×Ñ ÌŸ ºíêÆ ‡à±Æ ¸–Ö Â³Å ƒþÌïÆø µÖÒ À±¿€º™ —‘¯¦Ï¹°‘Ñ. þ×° Ì‘± ‡à±Æ ‡òͺ×Ñ ˜¥´ þ°œ™ Ï´³™€ã ñœÍ´°‘Ñ. ƒ¹°´ þ°ÇœîÅ ‡òé °´³× ƒÆÒ‘î³ ƒÆÕҍ¿—º‘Ïèè ºíê Ø㙐Åþº‘³ ¿þº‘€°Æ Žê´°× ƒÆÒ‘Ö ñœÍ™¿ºª¥³ ‡òºþ° ƒ›þ ‡¨´³€Ì™´°™³.
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Àï°î‘î×ò ‚´À‘, œÎÌÅ …€¥Æ×ò. ƒÌ¯¨Å °ï´°ï, þ×ì þ×ìÅ ˜¥ ‚±ÇÖ …¥Ò‘î À¯—‘¯¨ …¯¥‘™¿ºª¥³, ‚´À‘×‘î³ ºÌ‘ºÌî³ ‚Ø —‘¯¨ °Ì¿ºª¥³. Àï° ‚´À‘×‘î³ êÚ, þÆ‘œ€î …€¥Æ³ ‡òé Ï´³€¥Æ×Ì‘ ƒþÌïÆø ƒÏ¹°‘Ñ. ê×‘î³ Šò€é¿ —ºìÅ ÏØ; þÆ‘œ€îÆ‘î³ ê×‘Ö —ºíé —º‘π㿠ºíê™ —‘èæ°í‘î ÏØ. ƒ³ ×̳ —œ‘¹° Ï´³. ×Ñ ‘Ò´±Ö ‚´À‘×‘î³ ÀîÅ, ½´± ‡òé º¿€º™ —‘¯¨èã³ ‡òé Ï´³€Ì Žê´°× ƒÆÓÖ ƒÏ¹°³, °€îÉÅ ƒþÌïÆø ˆíì™ —‘¯¥‘Ñ. ÀîÅ ‚€œ€ã …¯¥‘™Å, ¹° ‚€œ€ã¿ ½´± ¥™Ž™ â¿º¨´± ‚ãþׯ¨Å ‡òé „¨º‘¨Å —‘¯¦Ï¹°‘Ñ. ˜¥þ×, ÀîÅ …¥€Ò µ¥´³Žé³, ‚î‘Ö ‡¿º¦ µ¥´³Žé³ ‡òº³ ƒþÌïÆ÷’í ŠÏ þèØÆ‘þ× ƒÏ¹³ —‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°³. ¹° ×€ µÅÀ‘Ö —œ‘ÖÒ™ ˜¥‘° ƒÌÆÀ‘Ë ƒÏ™Žé³ ‡òì Àª¨Å Ø€¥Æ‘ …«Ñ¹±Ï¹°‘Ñ.
Žê´°× ƒÆÓòº¦ ‚´À‘ ¾Ñ×À‘î³, ¶´±ÆÀ‘î³. ‚´À‘™è ºÒ; þ×ì, þ×ì, ŠÏ ‚´À‘Ú™ ‹Ñ …¥Ö Àª¨þÀ …¯¨. ‡¹° ¶€ÒÇÕÅ ƒò—î‘Ï …¥€Ò €¥Æ‘³. ‚´À‘ ÀîÅ, ½´± ‡òé ˜ì€ã™ —‘¯¥³. ÀîÅ Ÿ°¹°ÌÀ‘î³ µÖÒ³ —ª¥³, ½¯¬ÆÅ º‘×Å œòÀ‘Ñ™Å ³òÀ‘Ñ™Å ‚ŽÆ×íêÖ Šò€é þׯ¨Å ‡î ØÏ¿ºÃÅ, þׯ¥‘Å ‡î —×쿽Š—‘èæÅ Ÿ°¹°ÌÅ º€¥´°³. ‚î‘Ö 1830è —°‘¥›Ž ÀîÀ‘î³ º´°êÚ —‘¯¨èã³ ‡òé Ï´³Ï »ÌºÒÀ‘î³. ‚´À‘ ŸÆ‘²îÀ‘î³. ŸÆŸ°¹±ÌÅ …€¥Æ³. °î³ —œÆÕ™, °‘ò …´±Ìב±, «™™ —‘¨™ þׯ¦Æ בâØÖ ¶ÒÚŽé³. °î‘þÒþÆ °î³ ×ހƴ þ°ÑÚ —œËÉÅ ŸÆ—º‘ì¿»Ö …èã³. þ°×º™± ÖÒ³ ×º™± ƒÌ¯¦Ö Šò€é´ þ°ÑÚ —œËÉÅ. °Å ‘Ò À™ä€¥þÆ ×º™±, Ø™ŽÌ ‚Ì‘°€î, ³òÀ‘Ñ™Å ‚ŽÆî ¦—‘¯¨ ƒÏ¹°€° ƒþÌïÆø ƒ› ‡¨´³™‘ª¨Žé‘Ñ. Á¹° ò½ …èã×Ì‘ŽÆ Ñ´°‘Øî‘þÒ ÀŽ€ÀÆ‘Ë¿ º€¥™¿ºª¥ Àï°Ñ Æ‘×ÏÅ ×€Ì À陎é‘эè. ‚°Ò‘Ö —ÀËÆ‘î Ÿ×‘Á™™ â¿ º¬Æþׯ¨Å ‡î ‚×Õ¥ò µ‘¦î‘Ñ. ×Ï€¥Æ °Áâ—À‘Þ ƒÒ™« ¸–Ö, °î³ ‡¨´³™‘ª¨äÖ œòÀ‘Ñ™ ÃÆí, µí—œË±, þ°×ŽÏ€º€ã¿ ½Ò¿º¨´³Žé³. ‚´À‘×‘î³ ƒ¹°Úҍ´±ò ƒòº ³òº›€ã ê¹³ ñºØ´° »òîÑ°‘ò ºÌþÒ‘ ‚€œ —‘èæÅ ‡òé Ï´±ÆÖ ƒþÌïÆø ‘Ò´±Ö ½â—ºíêϹ°³. þ° œÀÆ´±Ö °‘ò —œË° µò€À ²€À™ ˆíº Ÿ×Ñ™Å, µÌ›äÖ ¨´° ºÒ€î €¥ÉÅ ‡òº€° ƒþÌïÆø Žê´°× ƒÆÓò º›ä¿º‘ ‡¨´³€Ì´°‘Ñ.
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Ãò —óòÀÅ, Àì —óòÀÅ ‚ŽÆî ƒþÌïÆø °´³× ÀÌ»Ö ƒÖ€Ò. ‡ïñÅ ŠÏ Àï°ò À캦ÉÅ »é™‘ت¥‘Ö þÀ‘ªœ ƒÌ‘¢Æ´€°™ ‘« À‘ª¥‘ò ‡òº³ ×̳ ‡¨´³™‘ª¨ ×Í, Àì —œòÀÅ ‡òº³ þ°×ŽÏ€ºÆ‘Ö ƒÏ°ÆÅ žÑºª¨ ÀϹ±¢ œÀÆ À‘íéÀ‘Ž™ Žê´°× ؟בœÃèã µò€Æ‘Ë ƒÜÚÒŽþÒþÆ µ¥¿º³, ƒ³þ× Àì»é¿½Å ˜¥ ‡òº°‘ ‡òͺ×Ñ ˜ìÅ Ø㙍Šòì ƒÏ¹°³.
þ°Çœ™ Žê´°× ƒÆÓòº¦, º€¥™¿ºª¥ Àï°ñ™ ŠÏ »éØ Àª¨þÀ, ¯¨Å ƒò—î‘Ï °¥€× Àï°¿—º¯ ×ÇíêÖ …ÏבŽ¿»é™Å ¨´° »éØ ‡òº³ ƒÖ€Ò, þ° þµÌ´±Ö …¥Öþ×ì, …ÇÑþ×ì. ƒ¿º¦Æ‘ þ°ÇœÃÅ, »ÌþÆ‘œî À̽Š»Ìº¤œ´±Ö €î´±ñèæÅ ¥Úè ÃÅ, ½éÃÅ ¶€é¹³ Šò—éî …èã³ ‡òì ˜ìÅ ƒ›ŽÏ¹° ¡Œ»œÅ, ´°Ñ, ñ¾±Æ‘ãÑ, þ×°‘¹°Å, ´°‘¹°Å þº‘òé À̽€ãÉÅ ÀíìÅ ½é¿—º‘ÏèæÅ, Àï° ×‘âÚ Àª¨Å …¯€À ‡î™˜ìÅ …ҍ‘Æ°Å þº‘òé °´³× ÀÌ€ºÉÅ ØÒ™Å —º‘Ϫ¨™ Žê´°× ƒÆÓÖ Ùì¥ò þÀ헍‘è㿺ª¦Ï¹°î.
1830æ™¿»é ƒ¹° þ°ÇœÅ, »ÌþÆ‘œî Ø㙍ŠƒÌ¯¨Å, ƒ¹±Æ‘ØÖ ºÌØÆ ‚›ŽþÒÆ þµÑ™‘ª×‘°´±Ö œ›ÀÀ‘Ž 1990 ×€Ì ±¥Ã¥ò ¶òì ±â¹°î. ƒ°€î Àì´°º¦°‘ò ×èãÒ‘Ñ, Àþî‘òÀ¬ÆÅ Ÿ¹°Ìî‘Ñ, Øþ׍‘î¹°Ñ ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ …ÏבŽ Ø㛎îÑ. ¹°¢ é¿º€À¹° ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ °ò —°‘¥™ ‘Ò´±Ö ƒþÌïÆø þ°ÇœÅ, »ÌþÆ‘œî Ø㙍´°´³×¿ »òƙ —‘¯¨ Šäت¥‘Ñ.
þµÑ‘ª ב°Å ºíê ƒþÌïÆø ê¹±Ï™Ò‘Å. Ò‘™Ž - Locke ºíê ×Ñ ê¹±Ï¹°‘Ñ ‡òº³ —‘¯¨ ‘Ŧ, ù’ÊÅ þº‘òé þµÑ™‘ªÆ‘ãÑ ºíêÉÅ ×Ñ —°Í¹±Ï™Ò‘Å ‡òì þ°‘òìŽé³. ‡ïñÅ ƒ×эþ㑨 þó.‡ø. ÁÖ, —ùѺѪ ø—ºòœÑ, —º¹°Å —óþÌ‘Å þº‘òþé‘Ñ ƒþÌïÆø ‘Ò´±í¿ »é, ƒ›¿ »ÌºÒÀ€¥¹°îÑ; ×э㳠‚›ŽþÒÆ þµÑ™‘ª×‘°Å °´³¿ —º‘Óþב¨ ƒ›™ Žê´°× ƒÆÓÖ Ø㙍Š—ºíé³.
þµÑ™‘ª ב°Å ƒ›ŽÒ‘¹±Ö ½â—ºíé³. ׬Ñ, ‚ªÆ‘ãÑ, ƒÌ‘®× ±‘͍è, ÖØÆ‘ãÑ, œÀÆþº‘°Ñ ‚ŽþÆ‘Ï€¥Æ Ï´±Æ֍äÖ —º‘ÓÚ°¹°³. ƒ°í Í‘¹±ÌÀ‘ —óÑÀïÇò ù‘þÒ ƒ€éÇÆÖ ºèäÇÖ ºÇí —ºíé ÏÀ‘Ñè ‚ª —ºíêϹ° Õ–°Ìò œ€º œÀÆ¿º¬ —œË° ƒ¥´±Ö ‚›ŽþÒÆ œ€º ÏÀ‘Ñè º¬ —œË׳ ƒþÌïÆø ‘Ò´±Ö ‚ÌźÀ‘î³. »õ¿ ¥‘ïÆÖ ‘Í (177-1837) ÀíìÅ »õ¿ ó‘Ñô, ó‘ò ¦Ì×Ñ ø—ºòœÑ (1799-1866) ‚ŽþÆ‘Ï€¥Æ ‚ª™‘Ò›äÖ …ì±—ºíé³. ›€ µ±º‘ÉÅ ƒ¥—ÀÖÒ‘Å ƒÏº™ÃÅ Žêø³× ‚ÒÆ›è ¶€é¹³, ƒÏº™´³ ¶Ò›€ã™ Žê´°×Ñè œ‘º¦ —œË³ ½äÆ ÀÌ›äò ¦ÇÖ ¶òì —‘¯¨ £‘î °›€ãÉÅ, £‘‘ª¨™€ãÉÅ º‘¨Å ‘ÒÅ ž™ŽÌÅ ×ÏÅ ‡òì »õ¿ ‘Í ‡±Ñþµ‘™Žî‘Ñ. »õ¿ ‘ÍÆ‘î×Ñ —¥òÀ‘Ñ™, —óÑÀï þ°œ›äÓϹ³ ×ÏÅ Áõ—îÍÀ‘€Ì ¶ÆÁ¿º€° ت¨ ‚›ŽþÒÆ Áõ—îÍÀ‘€ÌþÆ ¶ÆÁ¿º³ µÒÅ ‡òì Ï±î‘Ñ; ƒ¹±Æ‘ØþÒþÆ »é¹³ ×ãѹ° ‰þÌ‘¿»Æ Ì´° œÅº¹°Ãèã×э€ã¿ ºÇíìØ´³¿ ºª¥Å —‘¨¿º³ µÖÒÃ€é ‡òì ¯¥‘Ñ. µí«Å —º‘Ϲ±Æ ƒ¹±Æ™ Žê´°×э€ã é¿º‘î Ø°À‘Ë þ×°œ‘ø±Ì¿ ºÇí —œËØ´³¿ ºª¥›—‘¨¿º³ ×ÆÅ ‡òì ðòðÓÖ ¯¥ê¹°×Ñ »õ¿ ø—ºò÷Ñ°‘ò. þÀÕÅ ‰þÌ‘¿»ÆÑ Ž€¥¿º³ Í°‘ ƒÏ¹°³. ‚€Æ‘Ö ƒ¹±Æэþã ƒ¹±Æ‘€× Žêø³Ú™¢ —œ‘¹°À‘™ þׯ¨Å ‡òì œÀÆÅ Ž€¥´°þº‘—°ÖÒ‘Å ƒ¹±Æэ晐¿ ºª¥Å —‘¨´°‘Ñ. »õ¿ ø—ºò÷Ì‘Ö ºª¥Å —‘¨™¿ºª¥×эäÖ Ïª±Ï. þº‘¿, ‘Ö¨—×Ö, ‡òÍ º×Ñ ‚ŽþÆ‘Ñ °Áâ …ÒŽÖ ½â—ºíé×Ñ ‚×Ñ. ƒ×эä¥Å þµÑ‘ª ב° ƒÆÖ½è »é´±Æ‘€Ì þµ‘™Ž¿ þºŸÅþº‘³ —º‘ÓÚ —ºíéî.
ƒ¹° þµÑ‘ª ב° ƒÆÖ½è ƒþÌïÆø ‘Ò´°´³×¿ »òî¬Çò ñѢ ‚Å; ƒ×Ñ ÄÒÀ‘, €× °Áݍ´±Ö °À³ ºÆ«´€°™ ¥¹³ ×¹°î. °Áâ —À‘Þ ƒÒ™«Å ¸–Óò —œ‘Ö —°‘¥ÍÆÖ œ‘ѹ° ‡¨´³™‘ª¨è ƒ€°¿ ½Ò¿º¨´³Žòéî.
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1. A. GRAMMAR of TAMIL LANGUAGE - C.T.E. RHENIUS. 1853.
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